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The Human Genome Project

Mapping all 3 billion letters of human DNA — the biology moonshot.

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The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project that mapped the entire sequence of base pairs that make up human DNA. Running from 1990 to 2003, it was the largest collaborative biological project in history. The project identified approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA, sequenced 3.2 billion chemical base pairs, and made all findings freely available. The cost: $3 billion over 13 years. Today, thanks to the HGP and subsequent advances in sequencing technology, a complete human genome can be sequenced for under $1,000 in a few days. The HGP opened the door to personalized medicine — tailoring treatments to an individual's genetic profile. It has accelerated drug discovery, our understanding of genetic diseases, cancer research, and human evolutionary history. It revealed that humans share 99.9% of their DNA with all other humans.

# Top 10 The Human Genome Project facts

  1. 1The Human Genome Project cost $3 billion — today the same sequencing costs under $200
  2. 2Human DNA is 99.9% identical between any two people — our differences lie in 0.1%
  3. 3We share 60% of our DNA with a banana
  4. 4Only about 1.5% of human DNA codes for proteins — the rest was once called 'junk DNA'
  5. 5The project involved scientists from 20 institutions in 6 countries

Fascinating Facts

  • The Human Genome Project cost $3 billion — today the same sequencing costs under $200
  • Human DNA is 99.9% identical between any two people — our differences lie in 0.1%
  • We share 60% of our DNA with a banana
  • Only about 1.5% of human DNA codes for proteins — the rest was once called 'junk DNA'
  • The project involved scientists from 20 institutions in 6 countries
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